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Mar 31, 2019

Smolt survival risks in Maine salmon rivers

Maine's salmon rivers are subject to polluted effluents  and dumped and spilled wastes 
The images below  how Maine's salmon rivers with icons  representing the following pollution issues nearby: Auto graveyards,  brownfields  commercial and special waste  landfills, leaking underground fuel tanks, leaking above grouned fueltanks, marine spills, "mystery spills", non point sources, federal RCRA sites,  sanitary and industrial wastewater,  septage disposal sites, uncontrolled sites, underground injection sites, unsewered subdivisions, VRAP remediation sites and  hazardous and oil spill sites . See identity of icons at end of page
Dennys River area

Machias and East Machias Rivers

Machias River

Millinocket/East Millinockett

Narraguagus River

Lower Penobscot River/ Upper Penobscot Bay

Ducktrap River

Pleasant River



Penobscot Bay protecting a critical land/sea interface. 3 bills before the Maine legislature

AUGUSTA. Among the  100s of bills that the Maine state legislature will consider during this 129th legislative session are  three that could help direct the future of  Maine's biggest bay.

The bills
1. Bring forward  a nomination to enroll  Penobscot Bay in the National Estuary Program
2. Focus research identifying pollutants within the upper bay and lower Penobscot River that could be interfering with  Atlantic Salmon smoltification success. (transitioning from freshwater to saltwater respiration and shape)

3. Require cumulative impacts review of salmon effluents whenever more than one  RAS plant is proposed in a single estuary.

Why?  Along with waste products, salmon naturally secrete a variety of peptide-based signal chemicals through their skin.  These are signal molecules, not toxins. They keep schooling salmon aware of each other.

 Concentrated from tens of thousand of fish and discharged 24/7 via  single outfalls, these  natural signal chemicals will  create the ambience  of a vast  stationary school of salmon filling these waters.

The Penobscot Estuary/Bay complex is the
                Royal R.    Casco Bay                        largest along this stretch of coast

Mar 19, 2019

Pollution and Smoltification Success: Excerpts from scientific papers.

For Atlantic salmon, the changeover from living and respiration in fresh water to living and breathing saltwater is nearly as complete a transition as caterpillars becoming butterflies, then, a year or years later, transforming  back into caterpillars!, then back to butterflies. 

Diadromous species evolved to exploit a niche: brackish estuaries, a moving transition zone, where freshwaters rivers and streams moving down stream meet  saltwater currents  moving upriver .Different  mixtures of and temperature. 

  are home to neither the saltwater species of the world, nor the freshwater ones.  In fact, due to  the fluctuation  in these water interfaces of their tides, mixing zones of currents & winds. 
.  
Called a "smolt" (Old Eng "like a smelt, (a small fish) but different" it is a vulnerable time when fundamental biochemical processes change in these fishes, from their skins and scales and color to the composition of their blood and activities of their internal organs.  

Recent studies  shows that smoltification is intrinsically tied in to 

Below are scientific papers on pollution impacts to Atlantic Salmon smoltification success, including Acidification, Semiochemicals (parasite attractants), Endocrine Hormones and Hypoxia
Summary Smoltification begins in freshwater, gets underway in brackish water and completes in saltwater. There is high mortality of Atlantic Salmon, both wild and hatchery born fish, during this time from stressful changes to their respiration & blood chemistry, to body shape & size, to behavior changes to loners to schooling fishes. Pollutants are one of the stresses
1. ACIDIFICATION AND IONIZED ALUMINUM 's IMPACT ON SMOLTS
Evidence for episodic acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts, First published: 24 September 2015
Excerpt 1: Field studies were conducted to determine levels of gill aluminium as an index of acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in the north‐eastern U.S.A. "Smolts emigrating from the upper Merrimack River basin where most tributaries are characterized by low pH and high inorganic aluminium had consistently elevated gill aluminium and lower gill NKA activity, which may explain the low adult return rates of S. salar stocked into the upper Merrimack catchment.

Reducing Acidification in Endangered Atlantic Salmon Habitat Baseline Data Summary April 2018 Contact: Emily Zimmermann,
Exchangeable Aluminum (Alx) "The range of Alx observed in this study is similar to data from other cool ecosystems underlain by a range of geological t For protection of aquatic life, including macroinvertebrates, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) recommends that exchangeable aluminum should not exceed 0.015 mg/L at pH 5.0-6.0, even for short durations ("

Effects of Acid Water and Aluminum on Parr–Smolt Transformation and Seawater Tolerance in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar 2011
Excerpt "...sensitivity to low pH or low pH/Al exposure greatly increased when fish had developed to seawater tolerant smolts. In control and acid-exposed fish, gill carbonic anhydrase activity remained unchanged throughout the experiment whereas in Al-exposed fish, carbonic anhydrase activity decreases..."
"Excerpt 2 "In the Sheepscot, Narraguagus and Penobscot Rivers in Maine, river and year‐specific effects on gill aluminium were detected that appeared to be driven by underlying geology and high spring discharge. The results indicate that episodic acidification is affecting S. salar smolts in poorly buffered streams in New England and may help explain variation in S. salar survival and abundance among rivers and among years, with implications for the conservation and recovery"


Disruption of energy metabolism and smoltification during exposure of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to low pH 1985
Excerpt "Juvenile Atlantic salmon were held for 76 days at pH 4.7 during the period when the final stages of smoltification normally occur. Control salmon (pH 6.5) had significant increases in weight, length and liver somatic index which were not observed in those held at low pH."

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts
Excerpt Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al(i)) is known to impact anadromous salmonids and has been identified as a possible cause of Atlantic salmon population decline. Sensitive life-stages such as smolts may be particularly vulnerable to impacts of short-term (days-week) acid/Al exposurea"

2. PARASITE ATTRACTION: THE SEMIOCHEMICALS
Background Sealice are attracted by antimicrobial enzymes that salmon naturally emit when they get cuts scratches and scrapes. Unfortunately these enzymes are potent sea lice attractants.
At Issue These enzymes will be also emitted by land based farmed salmon as they bump against the structures and against each other in their tanks These are then discharged in from the tank farms into our river and bay, concentrated into a single outfall pipe for tens of thousands of salmon at once.
Question will this attract salmon lice to those waters to then prey upon outgoing salmon smolts exiting Penobscot River, that must travel past and through the effluent plume? Consider these studies:

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a signal molecule, a host-associated cue for the salmon louse 2018 From Sci Rep. 2018;
Excerpts: the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 (Cath-2) – ...acts as an activation cue for the marine parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis.
"Cath-2 is a water-soluble peptide released from the skin of salmon, triggering chemosensory neural activity associated with altered swimming behaviour of copepodids exposed to the peptide," 

Antimicrobial peptides from Salmo salar skin induce frontal filament development and olfactory/cuticle-related genes in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. ABSTRACT

* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018 Source Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 13738. Published 2018 Sep 13

3. ENDOCRINE (HORMONES)
* Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17 -estradiol
Excerpt "The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds.

Comparative responses to endocrine disrupting compounds in earlyl ife stages of Atlantic salmon , Salmo Salar Excerpt: "Our results indicate that all life stages are potentially sensitive to endocrine disruption by estrogenic compounds and that physiological responses were altered over a short window of exposure, indicating the potential for these compounds to impact fish in the wild. "

Investigation of the impacts of common endocrine disrupting compounds on multiple early life stages of endangered atlantic salmonand shortnose sturgeon and threatened atlantic sturgeon NOAA 2015

4. HYPOXIA (Low oxygen level in water)
Effects of cyclic environmental hypoxia on physiology and feed intake of post-smolt Atlantic salmon: Initial responses and acclimation
"Results suggest that 70% O2 may represent a threshold for reduced growth and that 60% O2 represents a minimum O2 saturation considering the welfare of Atlantic salmon post-smolts subjected to cyclic hypoxia at 16 °C.

Effects of freshwater hypoxia and hypercapnia and their influences on subsequent seawater transfer in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts

Hypoxia tolerance thresholds for post-smolt Atlantic salmon: Dependency of temperature and hypoxia acclimation

Epilogue: Past successes, present misconceptions and future milestones in salmon smoltification research Björn Thrandur Björnsson a, Terence M. Bradlee
















































Maine bill to " Help Municipalities Prepare for Sea Level Rise". What the interests & public testified

LD 563 An Act To Help Municipalities Prepare for Sea Level Rise  

Public hearing held Feb 27, 2019 Work session was held March 6th
Sponsor Blume of York. Cosponsored By Senator Breen of Cumberland And Representatives: Bailey of Saco, Bryantof Windham, Denk of Kennebunk, Hobbs of Wells, Hymanson of York, Jorgensen of Portland, Mccreight of Harpswell, Rykerson of Kittery
Bill's fiscal note says minimal expense

LD 5678 Public Hearing Testimony,
Battista, NickIsland Institute
Bell, JeremyThe Nature Conservancy
Belle, SebastianMaine Aquaculture Association
Blume, LydiaMaine State Legislature
Corbin, GarrettMaine Municipal Association
Faunce, RobertLincoln County Planning Commission
Feldman, LeeMaine Association of Planners
Marvinney, RobertDepartment of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
Romano, JeffMaine Coast Heritage Trust
Smith, NancyGrowSmartb Maine

Mar 16, 2019

latest on Quorum sensing and prokaryotes

Microorganisms living on macroalgae: diversity, interactions, and biotechnological applications.
Martin M1, Portetelle D, Michel G, Vandenbo Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Apr;98(7):2917-35. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5557-2. Epub 2014 Feb 22. Front Microbiol. 2017 Dec 22;8:2561. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02561. eCollection 2017.
A Functional Perspective Analysis of Macroalgae and Epiphytic Bacterial Community Interaction 2017 Dec 22;8:2561. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02561. eCollection 2017.

Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Microbial Community Interactions.
Abisado RG#1, Benomar S#1, Klaus JR#1, Dandekar AA2, Chandler JR3.
MBio. 2018 May 22;9(3). pii: e02331-17. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02331-17.














Bill will have MDEP dredge applicants follow court-mandated mercury sampling,testing standards

Heads up from a local mercury watcher on the present river bay situation

Legislation

* This fall the federal court in Bangor will hold a trial in the still-pending case brought by the Maine People’s Alliance and NRDC against Mallinckrodt. 
At issue: Determine what remedial measures the court will require Mallinckrodt to undertake in the lower Penobscot River (at the South end of Verona Island) and the upper estuary, as well as Mendall Marsh.

* The court has identified the lower Penobscot River (at thend of Verona Island) the upper estuary and Mendall marsh as where the worst of the mercury contamination from the HoltraChem was found by the Court’s experts during Phases I and II of the Penobscot River Mercury Study (PRMS).

* Complex currents in the lower river and upper estuary have created a mobile sediment pool of mercury contaminated sediment. In this area, we're given to understand, the mercury has never been buried by natural attenuation and apparently never will be buried!

NRCM urges legislators to support LD 640 requiring GHG study of HQ /CMP cable corridor plan.

Listen to Natural Resources Council of Maine's Nick Bennett  electrify attendees at the Legislature's Energy & Natural Resources Committee March 15, 2019  hearing on  LD 640  To Require a Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions from the Proposed Central Maine Power Company Transmission Corridor

Nick testifies for 7 minutes and gets questioned, not always politely,   by legislators  for 13 minutes, nor does he pull punches

Mar 14, 2019

Land based aquaculture reform bill details

On Thursday, February 28, 2019  the Maine Legislature's Agriculture Conservation and Forestry Committee held its public hearing on LD 620 An Act Regarding Licensing of Land-based Aquaculture Facilities in room 214 of the Cross Building, in Augusta. 
Below are the 22 items of public testimony submitted in paper or email form to the committee

Public Hearing Testimony, 22 items
Allgrove, BethanyLincolnville
Belle, Sebastian *Maine Aquaculture Association
Block, SidneyNorthport
Brophy, SallyBelfast
Buckmaster, LindaBelfast
Byers, SteveWaldo
Coelho, PhyllisBelfast
Davis, DanPorter
Dodge, JaniceMaine State Legislature
Duffy, RobynBelfast
Eaton, JulieDeer Isle
Fuller, RidgelyBelfast
Gilbert, Deirdre *Department of Marine Resources
Haire, SandraBelfast
Hatch, ConnyBelfast
Huber, RonFriends of Penobscot Bay
Kittredge, Thomas *Belfast City Council
Krueger, JohnNorthport
Lozanova, SarahBelfast
Naess, Marianne * Nordic Aquafarms
Reichard, LawrenceBelfast
Schlueter, EricaBelfast

Mar 10, 2019

News: Second Battle of Penobscot Bay. Melee of estuary and aquaculture interests over fate of estuary

For Immediate Release
PENOBSCOT ESTUARY This dynamic zone, where the dissolved tincture of 8,000 forested square miles of interior Maine  encounters the  Penobscot Bay pressing its salty tides inland, is become a war zone. (cont'd below image)
For more than a year, multinational  and local aquaculture interests, pitted against  community activists  and bay fishery and conservation groups, have  brawled their way through municipal and state hearings and  public events.

Now foes of two land based aquaculture plans, flush from bringing  the  permit review of one to a standstill, are pressing the legislature to make state regulators "think like an estuary" with a series of reform and science bills, the first of which  LD 620 An Act Regarding Licensing of Land-based Aquaculture Facilities -  faces its first committee vote Tuesday in Room  214 of the Cross Building.

LD 620 adds this clause twice  to the existing law when it is deciding whether to deny the application or revoke an existing  one. 

"alone in the use of a body of water or in combination with the aquaculture activity of any other land-based aquaculture operations using the same body of water " 

" Estuaries like ours are small enough and their flushing rate slow enough," said bay activist Ron Huber   "that  while one of these landfarms could be an  lawfully defensible burden,  multiple fish farm effluent discharges, especially of  hormones and other biochemicals released by salmon  could  have a demonstrable unacceptable effect."    He said that  the survival of smolts, elvers  and alewives  transiting the estuary in their migrations could be put at risk. (Continued below image)

The bill gives the Department of Agriculture Conservation and Forestry the authority to  require its consulting agencies, DEP, DMR and DIFW  to prepare a cumulative impacts assessment  when multiple salmon tankfarms  are proposed for a single estuary/ 

Without this,  reformers warn,  Maine is in danger of triggering a goldrush  scramble  for permits  and land leases along the lower river and upper bay.    "I've looked at dozens of Maine agency comments on big  coastal developments and small." said Huber  "Concerns about  the cumulative impact of new projects  when combined with existing ones, rarely enter the calculations. "

One 


LD 620 empowers the Dept of Agriculture to  produce a  big picture of what decisionmakers can expect  for the greater estuary if they approve going ahead with an additional salmon tankfarm. This is vital to smart bay management. 

Agency review of Nordic Aqua Farm's ambitious plan for building one of the world's largest land-based salmon aquaculture facilities  has been suspended, after a sharp-eyed activist tipped attorneys  for NGO Upstream Watch and Maine Lobstering Union, to a glaring fault in the project design,.

Attention has turned to Augusta,  where Tuesday the legislature's  Agriculture, Forestry and Conservation Committee will examine its evidence and conscience, then approve, amend or kill  LD 620 the aquaculture reform  bill.    

Filling the Gap  Critics say the state is so new to land based salmon farming that its selected overseer, the Department of Agriculture Conservation and Forestry, has yet to put together rules and regulations to interpret the one page law, 7 MRSA §1501."Land-based Aquaculture license".  

"Taking on a multinational industry with a flimsy one page statute and non existent rules is an open invitation  to repeat the disastrous start of Maine's fishpen salmon aquaculture in the early 1990s." Huber warned legislators at their earlier public hearing on the bill. "That is when  investors triggered  a gold rush for permits, that were grandfathered in under the then-new  salmon fish pen laws.  Don't worry, they said."

What happened? Too many salmon farms, licensed too close to each other in too many environmentally sketchy areas . The fouled seafloors, disease and parasites  that these immense unmoving schools of salmon  stimulated were as bad for the natural ecosystem outside the pens as for those inside.

It took years  and much bad blood between  conservation and fish pen farmers to bring salmon net penning down to more realistic levels.

"We do  NOT want to go down that same path with a flurry of land based salmon farms pumping effluent into the Penobscot Estuaruy . But we will if we don't  use LD 620 to let the agency take these first steps  slowly."








END

Mar 5, 2019

Penobscot Bay History 2003 - EPBEA turns back Norwegian fish pen applicant,

EAST PENOBSCOT BAY FISHPEN APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN!
Statement from the East Penobscot Bay Environmental Alliance\

The East Penobscot Bay Environmental Alliance (EPBEA), part of the Friends of Blue Hill Bay, is pleased to announce that Jorn Vad has withdrawn his applications to lease 30 acres of water for finfish aquaculture off Scott and Pickering Islands near Little Deer Isle.

The Aquaculture Hearing Examiner for the Department of Marine Resources (DMR) confirmed in a letter signed March 28, 2003, that the applications have been withdrawn, and that the pre-hearing conference and hearings scheduled for April in Brooksville and Deer Isle have been cancelled.

Not stated in the DMR letter, but implied by the communication from Mr. Vad to DMR, was that Mr. Vad would collect more information on the sites this summer and then may decide to re-apply for the leases next fall.

Although this may be a temporary victory for those opposed to the pen sites, we must continue to be vigilant and strengthen our own case against what we consider to be an inappropriate use of this area of East Penobscot Bay.

EPBEA was prepared to provide a wide array of fact and expert witnesses to expose the weaknesses of the Vad applications and show why these sites were not appropriate for large-scale finfish aquaculture. EPBEA has been collecting its own data and doing its own analysis for the last 18 months and would have provided a much more comprehensive analysis of the sites than either Mr. Vad or DMR has provided to date.

EPBEA was being aided in its fight against the Vad applications by the United Fishermen of Penobscot Bay, which was being represented by attorney John Foster of Eastport.

In the last two weeks of March, first EPBEA, and then the Fishermen's Group, filed petitions with DMR asking for a delay in the hearings because Mr. Vad had failed to mark the corners of the site at least 60 days before the hearing as required by the leasing regulations.

The entrance into the fray of a large group of local fishermen was a significant addition of strength to the intervenor effort and may have been responsible for the eleventh hour capitulation by Mr. Vad on the current application.

EPBEA has also had the excellent support and advice of Roger Fleming and the Conservation Law Foundation (CLF).

Since Sally McCloskey formed EPBEA almost two years ago and led the group for its first 18 months, CLF has been a staunch ally and helped EPBEA in its successful petition drive to bring needed changes in aquaculture regulations before the DMR.

CLF and EPBEA also intervened in Jorn Vad's Perry finfish lease applications, which were turned down by DMR, developed joint legislative initiatives, and actively intervened in the Board of Environmental Protection's proceedings to develop a general wastewater discharge permit to control the effects of finfish aquaculture on marine water quality and ecology.

Marsden Brewer, Vice President of EPBEA, has been very helpful in marshalling support within the local fishing community. Robert Gerber, President of EPBEA and a local island owner, focused on developing the technical case to demonstrate the unacceptable environmental impact that the pens would have on East Penobscot Bay.

The Board of EPBEA will meet in April to plan further actions to strengthen its demonstration that the proposed lease areas are inappropriate for finfish aquaculture.

EPBEA will also continue to work in the legislative, regulatory, and public information arenas to promote bay-wide management planning, appropriate regulation, and enhanced provision for public input into aquaculture applications.

EPBEA would like to thank all who have helped to fight these leases, attend hearings, write letters, sign petitions, give money, and donate time and energy to the cause of sound bay-wide management planning. We are deeply grateful for the community support that has emerged in this fight. We thank everyone who has taken part.



END

Written testimony for LD 620 An Act Regarding Licensing of Land-based Aquaculture Facilities.

On Feb 28th LD 620 "An Act Regarding Licensing of Land-based Aquaculture Facilities" had its public hearing before the legislature's Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry Committee (ACF) Below are 18 comments received in support and 4 in opposition to the bill.

LD 620 amends the one page state law on land-based aquaculture. It requires the agency to factor in the wastes exiting from existing land based fish farms, when licensing another in the same waterbody. Ditto when deciding whether to revoke a license of an existing land based salmon farm. Supporters say it will prevent the problems that occured

Allgrove, BethanyLincolnville
Belle, SebastianMaine Aquaculture Association
Block, SidneyNorthport
Brophy, SallyBelfast
Buckmaster, LindaBelfast
Byers, SteveWaldo
Coelho, PhyllisBelfast
Davis, DanPorter
Dodge, JaniceMaine State Legislature
Duffy, RobynBelfast
Eaton, JulieDeer Isle
Fuller, RidgelyBelfast
Gilbert, DeirdreDepartment of Marine Resources
Haire, SandraBelfast
Hatch, ConnyBelfast
Huber, RonFriends of Penobscot Bay
Kittredge, ThomasBelfast City Council
Krueger, JohnNorthport
Lozanova, SarahBelfast
Naess, MarianneNordic Aquafarms
Reichard, LawrenceBelfast
Schlueter, EricaBelfast