Biochemistry of Atlantic Salmon skin emissions,

SALMON EMISSIONS
The papers below , dating from 2018 to  2005, describe the peptides and other signal molecules Atlantic Salmon   naturally emit , and their effect when released into the water column

All Salmonids continually emit a mixture of peptides and other biochemicals.  These  are breakdown products of the salmon's outer skin cells as they wear & their proteins dissolve.

These "peptides" (protein fragments) get  emitted  between the fishes' scales, then pass into their slime coats  for release into  the water  column.  Call it "dandruff with a purpose"
That skin hosts  a lively and healthy natural marine microbe community, too.


ABOUT SALMON SKIN

* The Skin-Mucus Microbial Community of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) October 2017  Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2043 FULL


PEPTIDES ATTRACT SEALICE
Antimicrobial peptides from Salmo salar skin induce frontal filament development and olfactory/cuticle-related genes in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi.  ABSTRACT

* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018  Source Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 13738.    Published  2018 Sep 13


* A new finding of ACE inhibitory activity peptide sequences from salmon skin.  2011
Summary► Two ACE inhibitory peptides are identified from salmon skin collagen hydrolysate.
Source  Food Research International  Volume 44, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 1536-1540

ESTROGEN POLLUTION DISRUPTS SMOLTING
* Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17 -estradiol  .
EXCERPT The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds. Suppression of plasma IGF-I levels is a likely endocrine pathway for the eVects of estrogenic compounds on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity, and the detrimental effects of E2 and NP on thyroid hormone levels are also likely to compromise the normal parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon.

* Enzyme inhibitory activity of low-molecular-weight peptides from Atlantic salmon  skin (Salmo salar.) Excerpt    (SSCP ="Salmon Skin Collagen Peptides )

A Total of eleven peptide sequences were identified, and two dipeptides, Ala-Pro and Val-Arg, were selected for further ACE inhibitory activity analysis. The ACE inhibitory activities of Ala-Pro (IC50 = 0.060 ± 0.001 mg/ml) and Val-Arg (IC50 = 0.332 ± 0.005 mg/ml) were found to be approximately 20- and 4-fold higher than that of SSCP (1.165 ± 0.087 mg/ml), respectively.

* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host-associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)   2018 Source: Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 13738 (2018)

* Drinking rate in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L fry in response to anitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside and an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, enalapril.

* Dynamics of Naþ,Kþ,2Cl Cotransporter and Naþ,Kþ-ATPase Expression in the Branchial Epithelium of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Journal of Experimental Zoology. 293:106–118 (2002)  The study demonstrates the coordinated regulation of NKCC and NKA proteins in the gill during salinity shifts and parr-smolt transformation of salmonids. J. Exp. Zool. 293:106–118, 2002. r 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc


Additional Studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/smoltification

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3460234/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848616303271

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e458/42a23519b0e41b103d6304e98c11e620b730.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238025934_Parr-smolt_transformation_of_a_nonanadromous_population_of_Atlantic_salmon_Salmo_salar_in_Norway

Angus King's failed 1995 nomination of Penobscot Bay for the National Estuary Program. Plus our failed 2019 renomination.

In 1995 Maine Governor Angus King nominated Penobscot Bay for EPA's National Estuary Program. Read it below.  In 2019 an attempt to renominate the Bay for the  NEP was blocked by certain interests who pressured the legislature into withdrawing the bill before hearing. ONTP'd

 
Table of Contents of Governor King's 1995 NEP nomination of Penobscot Bay

Appendices of 1995 Nomination. (Note Title of each Appendix is near bottom  of  its 1st page.)
Appendix A. Open Space in Penobscot Bay 9pgs
Appendix B. Land or Easements held by Land Trusts
Appendix C. 1993 Penobscot Bay Conference Proceedings (cover only) 2pgs
Appendix D. 1994 Penobscot Bay Conference Agenda. 2pgs
Appendix E. Newspaper Articles. 5pgs
Appendix F. State of the Bay Report Outline 5pgs
Appendix G. Letters of Support 13pgs.
Appendix H. Draft Conference Agreement. 12pg.

Media
1994 Ellsworth American article on

Penobscot Bay & Me Coast Webcams

Penobscot Bay Area
Seal Island, Matinicus

Castine Maine Maritime Academy

Stonington Harbor from the Island Ad-Vantages office.

Rockland Breakwater Cam

Rockland Harbormaster Cam

Rockland Hotel Cam

Downeast

Blue Hill downtown

Trenton Bridge facing Mt Desert Island 

Portland
Casco Bay from Ferry Terminal 

Portland shore off Marginal Way

Summary of Penobscot Bay historic data & primary sources.

Summary of Penobscot Bay historic data & primary sources.

Maine DEP EGAD http://www.maine.gov/dep/maps-data/egad/

EPA's  ECHO program  https://echo.epa.gov/

EPA's Facility Registry Service https://www.epa.gov/frs Searchable by zipcode

* Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries NOAA 1994   

Full Report http://penbay.org/gom/noaa_elmr_distr_abund_1994_northatlantic.pdf

Sample Penobscot Bay page http://penbay.org/gom/elmr_data_1994_bluehillbay_penbay_muscongus.jpg

***FOPB-Retrieved recent and  historic  Data (including gray literature)

20th century

* Sears Island cargoport plan Environmental documents . Federal, state and NGO docs re the 1995 and 2003 island port plans.

http://www.penbay.org/searsisland/sicargoport.html

 * Upper Penobscot Bay Clam Survey, 1967.  https://www.penbay.org/bm/pbclams1967.html

*  Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Navigable Waters of the Penobscot River and Upper Penobscot Bay...April 20, 1967

http://www.penbay.org/bm/baypollution1967.html

*****  Fishing Grounds of the Gulf of Maine 1929 US Bureau of Fisheries  fishery map with links to data  http://www.penbay.org/wrich/fginnergom2.html

*

19th century

* The Salmon Fishery of Penobscot Bay and River 1895-1896, US Fish Commission http://www.penbay.org/usfc/usfc1897_salmon.html* 

* The Lobster Fishery of Maine,  US Fish Commission 1899  http://penbay.org/usfc/lfm/usfc1899_lobsterfisheryme.html

HISTORIC WATER QUALITY DATA 

* Historic & realtime Penobscot Bay weather buoy data. Source *****NERACOOS  https://www.neracoos.org

* Ducktrap River realtime and historic  flows http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/nwismap/?site_no=01037380&agency_cd=USGS

* Archived citizen water quality monitoring data of Penobscot Bay  Source Pen Bay Stewards https://www.belfastbaywatershed.org/

HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY  source: USGS https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 

Stockton Harbor. Kidder Point 1940 and 1940-2011 comparisons http://penobscotbay.blogspot.com/2014/11/kidder-point-high-altitude-aerial.html

Rockport Harbor 1977  http://penbay.org/rockport/rockport_aerial_041777.jpg  Source USGS http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 

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 AERIAL VIDEOGRAPHY courtesy Lighthawk http://www.lighthawk.org/

* Belfast south side of Passagassawakeag River.  Head of tide to Little River,      May 1, 2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACtReh14yC8

* GAC Chemical Corp western Stockton Harbor flyby  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7s-MPd2bFN8

* Penobscot Marine Museum https://penobscotmarinemuseum.org

* Rockport Harbor Aerial Photo 1977

 https://penbay.org/rockport/rockport_aerial_041777.jpg  Source USGS http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 

* Bathymetric chart of Rockport Harbor 2013 lg jpg http://penbay.org/rockport/rockport_harbor_chart_lg.jpg

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UNDERWATER VIDEOGRAPHY & STILL PHOTOS 

Rockport Harbor

* Rockport Harbor  Photos  of Habitat Area of Particular Concern for juvenile Atlantic Cod from FOPB's 10/19/12  underwater towed vidcam run 

 http://penbay.org/rockport/rockport_hbr_101912_biofoulingpictures/

*Rockport Harbor floor video, Porterfield Ledge, 2013.  

Penobscot Bay Watch  4 minutes 

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7N8LgT9I-0

Rockland Harbor Video (DMR)

* 16 minute video of Rockland Harbor  HAPC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXYK7rlxPBU (Maine department of Marine Resources

Searsport Harbor

Diver video footage off northwest shore of Sears Island  (ghostport site) 2009   369mb mov file

http://penbay.org/searsisland/si_vid/searsisland_100809_bayfloor.mov

5 minute excerpt http://penbay.org/searsisland/si_vid/searsisland_100809_bayfloor_5min.mp4

 Wayback Machine-accessed earlier Maine environmental data - See http://web.archive.org/web/http://state.me.us/dep  &   earlier Maine DEP website(1998-2014 archive and the present MDEP URL's archive (2002-2015) http://web.archive.org/web/20141228134600/http://www.maine.gov/dep/ Some of the subpages are archived down to the data level

Whole Oceans as of January 2019

Since  its March 20, 2018 public presentation,   Whole Oceans LLC has rather sailed through a six month journey from application to state permit approval on November  22, 2018. 

Whole Oceans Presentation 3/20/18

Whole Oceans Application 6/1/18

Whole Oceans state permit 11/22/18

This was followed by a  12/17/18 appeal of Whole Oceans permit by bay citizen  Holly Faubel . The  administrative appeal was dismissed January 17, 2019  by Maine Board of Environmental Protection   based on the state's questionable  challenging of her legal standing  - not on the risk identified by Faubel of boosted methylmercury production, and  its circulation into the western bay - her neighborhood -  - thanks to boosted  & concentrated salmon manure production at that critical Bucksport location. See  Faubel's  References & data pages  There, a remnant elemental mercury pool is pushed to and fro by tide and current - and reacts with nutrients such as the  RAS salmon excrete by methylizing with it into much more neurotoxic methylmercury .

There things stand for the moment. Now it is time for state legislative initiatives

Maine's NGOs tell DEP pros & cons of Nordic/Whole Oceans land-based aquaculture plans.

Maine regional NGOs comment  on and file intervention petitions on the Nordic  discharge application (One is on whole Oceans application)

Supporters of Nordic Plan
Atlantic Salmon Federation

Gulf of Maine Research Institute

Conservation Law Foundation

Montserrat Group  (consultant)

Opponents/critics

Maine Lobstering Union

Upstream Watch

Islesboro Islands Trust

Natural Resources Council of Maine on Whole Oceans application

Nordic told by DEP: prove you have outfall pipe right of way into Penobscot Bay.

Maine DEP has reacted to the joint submission by Upstream Watch and Maine Lobstering Union challenging Nordic's application as fatally inaccurate by ordering Nordic to show otherwise. Can they?

The two NGOs had written  to the Board of Environmental that the Nordic application is  "fatally flawed and must be dismissed for lack of title, right or Interest (“TRI”). Nordic’s deficiencies in TRI are fatal and incurable ..."

Two of the points UW'S attorneys  David Losee and Kim Ervin Tucker are arguing: (that DEP finds credible - see below)

1. Nordic and DEP failed to include Northport in its review process despite the outfall pipe passing through several private Northport properties.

2. Nordic does not have permission from the Northport property owners whose land the pipeline would have to pass through.  Nor any right, title or interest in those properties.

Ergo, Uptream Watch observed, as Nordic cannot access Penobscot Bay with its pipelines, it cannot operate a land based aquaculture operation from the Belfast site. Therefore the application must be rejected.

DEP's  Brian Kavanah Acting Co-Director, Bureau of Water Quality wrote a terse letter  to Nordic Aquafarms  stating that 

" In light of recently received evidence that the Department has determined to be credible, the Department is requesting further information regarding 1) the location of the structures associated with the Nordic Aquafarms MEDPES application, including all portions of the outfall pipe from the proposed facility, and 2) the applicant’s title, right or interest (TRI) in the area proposed to be developed or used. The Department requests all such information be submitted no later than February 6, 2019." (end excerpt)

"Location of the structures" because Nordic has insisted it's all in Belfast, but the revised application shows  a goodly bit of the obligate pipeline locations  within Northport.  Makes it wrong for them to have moved ahead without including that town in the review .

"Title, right or interest (TRI)" because, lacking those, it cannot operate its proposed RAS salmon tankfarm.

What will Nordic's response be? 

Maine Marine Resource Commissioner gets legislative thumbs up to continue in job. AUDIO

At the urging of most of Maine's fishery and aquaculture interests, the Legislature's Marine Resources Committee gave current commissioner Pat Keliher  unanimous support for his continuation in the Mills Administration as Maine 's commissioner of Marine resources.  Listen below to his nomination statement and  a selection of the questions and praise Keliher received from  fishermen and aquaculturists (More to come)

Commissioner's Statement 6min

Rep Mick Devin, MR Committee member 5min47sec

Patrice McCarron Maine Lobstermen's Association 4min 12sec

Fiona DeKoning of  Hollander & de Köning 3min 18sec

Sebastian Bell, Maine Aquaculture Association, 2min

Incoming Maine legislators briefed by Dept of Island Fish & Wildlife AUDIO

Judy Camuso

Listen to an array of the Maine Dept of Inland Fish and Wildlife's leaders briefing the legislature's Inland Fish and Wild Committee, Jan 14, 2019. Audio MP3s

They described their roles conserving our state's freshwater fishes, our bears, deer, porcupines - all fresh water breathers amphibians and upland wildlife actually, in addition to running Maine's eight hatcheries  In addition, IFW licenses/oversees thousands of recreational hunters and fishers throughout the state. 

Committee members had plenty of questions too.

Joel Wilkinson

Judy Camuso acting Commissioner of Inland Fish and Wildlife 11min 45sec

Tim Peabody, acting Dep Commissioner 1min 45sec

Christl Theriault. Legislative Liaison 3min

Joel Wilkinson, Chief Game Warden. 11min

Jim Connolly, Bureau of Resource Management.12min 30sec

Joe Overlock, supervisor Fisheries Management. 6min 30sec

Emily Maccabe, IFW media

Emily Mccabe Graphics and media supervisor. 4min 14sec

Bill Swann, director Licensing and Registration. 13min 278sec

Public Banking the facts and the money industry's falsehoods

Randall Parr is spearheading  public banking  Background theme Mozart

Parr's self-description of his background

Here is a link to  his latest update  36min  A  rebuttal of fallacious testimony at past public bank hearings.

Rockland City Council briefed on new Comp Plan progress. Audio.

On December 5, 2018  consultant Noel Musson  of the Musson Group gave an 11 minute presentation on his progress on  a new comprehensive plan, then took 6 minutes of questions and statements by councilors about the project

* Noel Musson presentation on Rockland Comp Plan redevelopment  11min 

* Musson & Council Q&A  6min 33sec (two questions from Councilors

Rockland Hbr Mgmt Commissioners hear from consultant on Harbor mgmt plan

On December 18th Consultant Noel Musson gave a presentation to Rockland's Harbor Management Commission, reporting his progress with the ad hoc harbor mgmt plan committee
Note  you can also watch these events at https://livestream.com/rocklandmaine

Part 1. Musson presentation 16min

Part 2. Musson presentation 18min

Part 3 Musson presentation 25min

Part 4 Musson presentation & QA 25min33sec

Two NGOs petition for BEP review of Nordic Aquafarms, interested party status, public hearing.

Below read  petitions by two  organizations sent Maine Department of Environmental Protection in late November. The Maine Lobstering Union and Upsteam Watch asked to be recognized as interested parties regarding the Nordic Aquafarms application to build a salmon tankfarm in Belfast and discharge effluent into Belfast Bay.  They also requested that Maine Board of Environmental Protection take over review of the project and that a public hearing be held.

MLU Petition to Intervene 11/26/18

MLU Request for public hearing on Nordic application 11/26/128

Upstream Watch petition for Maine Board of Environmental Protection to assume Jurisdiction over NAF application 11/26/18

Upstream Watch Request for Public Hearing 11/26/18

Upstream Watch Petition for Interested Party Status 11/26/18

six

Maine DEP acting chief recommends against citizen board review of Nordic Aquafarms plan.

Salmon tankfarm opponents are rightfully livid over Maine DEP's acting chief Melanie Loyzim's actions on the controversial salmon tank farm plans by Nordic Aquaculture proposed to discharge into Belfast Bay
Loyzim denied out of hand petitions from Maine Lobstering Union and Upstream Watch requesting (1) a public hearing and (2) intervenor status. She also declared there was little public interest or controversy, recommending against MLU's request that BEP assume jurisdiction of the review of the project its proposed outfall's proposed contents and its baywater intake.
Read MLU's and Upstream Watch petitions here
Loyzim used indefensible assertio.ns that there was no possible significance to the effluvia of up to 20 million fish per year in the proposed CAFO tanks - largest ever in the United States - discharging out a single pipeline into the bay 24/7. What could go wrong?

Raising and slaughtering up to 20 million fish per year at Nordic and Whole Oceans - one at each end of Penobscot Bay's estuary - is nothing special, Loyzim asserted in her letter to conservation attorney Kim Tucker. Just like any little existing fishfarm, Loyzim smirked, enjoying her brief moment of ecological vandalism at the helm of the disfunctional-under-Lepage agency.
One remembers the good old days of Late McKernan Early Angus King , early baldacci,  when the Board of Environmental Protection performed its duty and routinely heard  citizen appeals - I actually won a special condition added to MBNA's Ducktrap Mtn guest cottage rush job tht was sprawling into an important deer wintering area   No more cottages, BEP announced. How MBNA's VP Shane Flynn howled!