SALMON EMISSIONS
The papers below , dating from 2018 to 2005, describe the peptides and other signal molecules Atlantic Salmon naturally emit , and their effect when released into the water column
All Salmonids continually emit a mixture of peptides and other biochemicals. These are breakdown products of the salmon's outer skin cells as they wear & their proteins dissolve.
These "peptides" (protein fragments) get emitted between the fishes' scales, then pass into their slime coats for release into the water column. Call it "dandruff with a purpose"
That skin hosts a lively and healthy natural marine microbe community, too.
ABOUT SALMON SKIN
* The Skin-Mucus Microbial Community of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) October 2017 Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2043 FULL
PEPTIDES ATTRACT SEALICE
Antimicrobial peptides from Salmo salar skin induce frontal filament development and olfactory/cuticle-related genes in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. ABSTRACT
* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018 Source Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 13738. Published 2018 Sep 13
* A new finding of ACE inhibitory activity peptide sequences from salmon skin. 2011
Summary► Two ACE inhibitory peptides are identified from salmon skin collagen hydrolysate.
Source Food Research International Volume 44, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 1536-1540
ESTROGEN POLLUTION DISRUPTS SMOLTING
* Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17 -estradiol .
EXCERPT The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds. Suppression of plasma IGF-I levels is a likely endocrine pathway for the eVects of estrogenic compounds on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity, and the detrimental effects of E2 and NP on thyroid hormone levels are also likely to compromise the normal parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon.
* Enzyme inhibitory activity of low-molecular-weight peptides from Atlantic salmon skin (Salmo salar.) Excerpt (SSCP ="Salmon Skin Collagen Peptides )
A Total of eleven peptide sequences were identified, and two dipeptides, Ala-Pro and Val-Arg, were selected for further ACE inhibitory activity analysis. The ACE inhibitory activities of Ala-Pro (IC50 = 0.060 ± 0.001 mg/ml) and Val-Arg (IC50 = 0.332 ± 0.005 mg/ml) were found to be approximately 20- and 4-fold higher than that of SSCP (1.165 ± 0.087 mg/ml), respectively.
* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host-associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018 Source: Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 13738 (2018)
* Drinking rate in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L fry in response to anitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside and an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, enalapril.
* Dynamics of Naþ,Kþ,2Cl Cotransporter and Naþ,Kþ-ATPase Expression in the Branchial Epithelium of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Journal of Experimental Zoology. 293:106–118 (2002) The study demonstrates the coordinated regulation of NKCC and NKA proteins in the gill during salinity shifts and parr-smolt transformation of salmonids. J. Exp. Zool. 293:106–118, 2002. r 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Additional Studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/smoltification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3460234/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848616303271
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e458/42a23519b0e41b103d6304e98c11e620b730.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238025934_Parr-smolt_transformation_of_a_nonanadromous_population_of_Atlantic_salmon_Salmo_salar_in_Norway
The papers below , dating from 2018 to 2005, describe the peptides and other signal molecules Atlantic Salmon naturally emit , and their effect when released into the water column
All Salmonids continually emit a mixture of peptides and other biochemicals. These are breakdown products of the salmon's outer skin cells as they wear & their proteins dissolve.
These "peptides" (protein fragments) get emitted between the fishes' scales, then pass into their slime coats for release into the water column. Call it "dandruff with a purpose"
That skin hosts a lively and healthy natural marine microbe community, too.
ABOUT SALMON SKIN
* The Skin-Mucus Microbial Community of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) October 2017 Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2043 FULL
PEPTIDES ATTRACT SEALICE
Antimicrobial peptides from Salmo salar skin induce frontal filament development and olfactory/cuticle-related genes in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. ABSTRACT
* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018 Source Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 13738. Published 2018 Sep 13
* A new finding of ACE inhibitory activity peptide sequences from salmon skin. 2011
Summary► Two ACE inhibitory peptides are identified from salmon skin collagen hydrolysate.
Source Food Research International Volume 44, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 1536-1540
ESTROGEN POLLUTION DISRUPTS SMOLTING
* Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17 -estradiol .
EXCERPT The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds. Suppression of plasma IGF-I levels is a likely endocrine pathway for the eVects of estrogenic compounds on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity, and the detrimental effects of E2 and NP on thyroid hormone levels are also likely to compromise the normal parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon.
* Enzyme inhibitory activity of low-molecular-weight peptides from Atlantic salmon skin (Salmo salar.) Excerpt (SSCP ="Salmon Skin Collagen Peptides )
A Total of eleven peptide sequences were identified, and two dipeptides, Ala-Pro and Val-Arg, were selected for further ACE inhibitory activity analysis. The ACE inhibitory activities of Ala-Pro (IC50 = 0.060 ± 0.001 mg/ml) and Val-Arg (IC50 = 0.332 ± 0.005 mg/ml) were found to be approximately 20- and 4-fold higher than that of SSCP (1.165 ± 0.087 mg/ml), respectively.
* The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host-associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 2018 Source: Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 13738 (2018)
* Drinking rate in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L fry in response to anitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside and an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, enalapril.
* Dynamics of Naþ,Kþ,2Cl Cotransporter and Naþ,Kþ-ATPase Expression in the Branchial Epithelium of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Journal of Experimental Zoology. 293:106–118 (2002) The study demonstrates the coordinated regulation of NKCC and NKA proteins in the gill during salinity shifts and parr-smolt transformation of salmonids. J. Exp. Zool. 293:106–118, 2002. r 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Additional Studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/smoltification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3460234/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848616303271
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e458/42a23519b0e41b103d6304e98c11e620b730.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238025934_Parr-smolt_transformation_of_a_nonanadromous_population_of_Atlantic_salmon_Salmo_salar_in_Norway
