Destabilizing Atlantis? Offshore wind energy diversion's impacts on currents & water column stratification. 2008-2024

Below are scientific and govt  links (pdf files)  stretching from 2008 to 2024. They illuminate an  evolution of  understanding of the marine environmental impacts of  ocean wind energy diversion ashore as electricity.

It is observed by many of the below papers and articles  that  the speed and integrity of  oceanic water currents and of seasonal water stratification are  weakened and disorganized by these energy-diverting devices. 

2008 Pioneering paper on topic

 On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation wiki.Met.No. 2008

2015

  On the Effect of Offshore Wind Farms on the Atmosphere & Ocean Dynamic, Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg Germany 

2016

Wake Influence on Dynamic Load Characteristics of Offshore Floating Wind Turbines. Aerospace_Res Central 2016

Offshore Wind Farms Make Wakes. NASA. 2016

2019

Large eddy simulations of floating offshore wind turbine wakes with coupled platform motion NREL  2019

2020
Spatiotemporal Variations of Ocean Upwelling and Downwelling Induced by Wind Wakes of Offshore Wind Farms_ Journal of Marine Sci & Engineering 2020

2021

New Study Unveils the Unique Seasonality in the Deep Basins of Gulf of Maine NOAA 12/02/2021

2022

Emergence of Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Structures Due to Atmospheric Offshore Wind Farm Wakes.  Frontiers_in_Sci 2022  

Chasing the offshore wind farm wind-wake-induced upwelling/downwelling dipole. Frontiers_in_Sci 2022

Impacts of accelerating deployment of offshore windfarms on near-surface climate. Nature.com 2022

Anthropogenic Mixing in Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas by Offshore Wind Farm Infrastructure  Frontiers in Sci 2022

Long-Range Wake Losses Offshore Much Greater Than Expected, New Study Shows. Offshore WindBiz. 2022

Unravelling the ecological impacts of of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea.  Science Total Environment  June 2022

Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats  Journal Envir Mgmt April 2022

2023

Spatio-temporal Variations of Ocean Upwelling and Downwelling Induced by Wind Wakes of Offshore Wind Farms  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 2023

Offshore Wind Wake Effects Are Real: We Should Plan for Them. NASA  2023

   

2024

 Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated Species: Background and Issues for Congress. 2024 Congressional Research Service