Marine Microbes, Marine Biofilms and Marine plastics and microplastics. Reviews

 Microbes and their communities underpin the functional marine biosphere and are indeed integral to all life on Earth. Yet for the most part, they are the hidden majority of living organisms.

MicroEcology

Planktonic Microbes in the Gulf of Maine Area June 2011

Quorum sensing bacteria in microplastics epiphytic biofilms and their biological characteristics which potentially impact marine ecosystem October 1, 2023

The saltatory search behavior of larval cod (Gadus morhua) 

Deep Sea Research Part II November 2006

Managing the Microbial Community of Marine Fish Larvae: A Holistic Perspective for Larviculture August 2018

Marine Biofilms: A Successful Microbial Strategy With Economic Implications. 2018

Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review 2001

* NOAA's two page fact sheet on natural marine microbes. Consider the wild diatoms, viruses, diatoms, protozoa and marine bacteria that fish larvae and lobster larvae live among and upon. 2015.

Marine Microplastics

* What influences the distribution of microplastics in the marine environment?  Science of The Total Environment Volume 964, 10 February 2025,

* Relationship between floating marine debris accumulation and coastal fronts in the Northeast coast of the USA   Marine Pollution Bulletin January 2024

Survey on the presence of floating microplastics, trace metals and metalloids in seawater from Southern Italy to the United States of America  Dec 18, 2024

Quorum sensing bacteria in microplastics epiphytic biofilms and their biological characteristics which potentially impact marine ecosystem 2023

Synthetic microplastic abundance and composition along a longitudinal gradient traversing  the subtropical gyre in the North Atlantic Ocean  Marine Pollution Bulletin December 2022

 NIH The Occurrence of Microplastics and the Formation of Biofilms by  Pathogenic and  Opportunistic Bacteria as Threats in Aquaculture. July 2022

Seasonal characteristics of microplastics ingested by copepods in Jiaozhou Bay, the Yellow Sea 2021

Effects of microplastics on marine copepods July 2021

Low microalgae availability increases the ingestion rates and potential effects of microplastics on marine copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei. 2020

Other Threats to Marine Biofilms

1. Modeling the impact of floating offshore wind turbines on marine food webs in the Gulf of Lion, France Front. Mar. Sci., 14 May 2024

2. Mechanisms and Impact of Biofilms and Targeting of Biofilms Using Bioactive Compounds—A Review NIH August 2021

3. U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research (SEER) Factsheet. November 2020

4.  Multixenobiotic resistance as a cellular defense mechanism in aquatic organisms   Aquatic Toxicology, April 2000

5. Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities 2019  Antimicrob Resist Infect Control.  May  2019